landscape

Grass in farming is interconnected with livestock systems for their feed, in the form of grazing, haylage and silage, and is also used as 'leys' (short-term grasslands) to regenerate soil structure and quality.

Grass in livestock systems

Grass is the main plant type used for forage, which are often combined with legumes for added nutrition and other valuable traits for soil structure and quality. 

Grass forage is used in livestock management as part of mixed forage-livestock systems. Here, farm managers utilise their own land to produce high quality and high yielding fodder to reduce the amount of off-farm feed which needs to be purchased and transported to the farm to supplement feeding. 

Grass leys

As well as being an excellent feed for animals, grass also provides multiple benefits to the soil, including reduction in erosion, reducing run-off and improving above and below-ground biodiversity. Short-term grasslands which are implemented for a period of two-three years within arable rotation are called 'leys' are used to regenerate soil structure and quality after arable cropping, which depletes soil nutrients and breaks down soil structure. 

Grass leys can be used as part of a mixed farming system, or grass can be cut for forage or silage and sold to external livestock farms. 

Related Organisations

Content below is from across the PEP community and is not necessarily endorsed by Stewards or by PEP

Connected Content

This Livestock and Pasture study is part of the wider UKRI STFC-funded EO4Agroclimate programme.  

Soil is an essential natural resource for all farmers. Over recent years many initiatives have sought to provide information and advice on soils and Soil Health, notably AHDB Great Soils. 

Mob grazing is a form of intensive managed grazing where large numbers of animals graze a small area of land for a short period of time. There is increasing interest in this system due to perceived productivity and environmental benefits. However, there is very limited research to quantify the impact of mob grazing systems, and many farmers adopting the system have been influenced by anecdotal evidence from other farmers.

The development of a forage network which will recommend a pathway to gaining optimum benefits from forages through realistic actions​. This project, which runs from September 2023 for 6 months, will: Bring together a network of stakeholders to understand the best approach for improving forage systems, considering potential opportunities and barriers to uptake​ Create a roadmap, which can be used to achieve benefits for livestock sectors through changes in forage systems​

The major commodity crops in the UK are wheat, barley, oilseed rape, field beans, sugar beet and potatoes, but around half of agricultural land grows grass.   

Dairy production is a critical component of the agriculture industry focused on the sustainable production of milk and milk-derived products.

The livestock industry is an integral part of the agricultural sector, encompassing various aspects of animal husbandry and production. It plays an important role in global food security and supports the livelihoods of millions of people worldwide.

In 2021 Defra commissioned an ADAS led consortium to look at the environmental and productivity benefits of mob grazing systems in the UK. 

Guidance from AHDB GREATSoils giving four easy-to-follow steps for assessing soil structure. 

This Open Access chapter describes the current status of IWM for grasslands. Its focus is on mana

Devon silvopasture 12-year on-farm trial including site at Rothamsted's North Wyke

GrassCheckGB is a grass monitoring project involving 50 dairy, beef and sheep farms.   Growth and quality data is published weekly throughout the growing season

Pasture Optimisation for Resilience and Livelihoods (PASTORAL) will work with farmers to co-design a new digital platform to help improve data to inform on-farm decision making to increase farm productivity and carbon efficiency using satellite data to plan pasture management.    

Sowing Future Seeds. Seed company specialising in grass and clover mixes, as well as brassica, lucerne and stubble turnips.

The National Arable & Grassland Awards will be held on Wednesday 8th February at the Hilton London Bankside. The awards recognise the key areas of crop production, land management, environmental responsibility and innovation.

This Open Access chapter describes the current status of IWM for grasslands. Its focus is on management practices available to influence transitions in a weed’s life cycle: from the soil seed bank to seedling establishment, from the seedling stage to the mature plant, and from the mature plant to the soil seed bank.

The new field lab with Innovative Farmers is investigating bale grazing, a common practice in North America and Canada, where bales are put out in summer to feed cattle through winter.

In February 2018, ADAS, AHDB and Defra launched the Grass and herbal leys farm network. The network is a partnership between farmers, researchers and industry and provides a platform to investigate the long term impacts of leys in rotations, such as: Quantifying changes in soil organic matter and soil health from introducing temporary grass/herbal leys across a range of soil types and rainfall areas. Quantifying subsequent changes to soil organic matter and soil health following the destruction of the temporary grass/herbal leys and return to arable production. Investigating the effectiveness of grass/herbal leys in controlling blackgrass in ‘problem’ fields.

Organic materials, including livestock manures, biosolids, compost and digestate contain valuable plant nutrients which can save farmers money on their fertiliser bills, and organic matter which can help improve soil quality.

Sheep were one of the first farmed animals, reared for thousands of years for meat and milk.

  https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/north-wyke-farm-platform

The SUPER-G project is a European wide project aiming to work with farmers and policy makers to develop sustainable & effective permanent grassland systems.

Corteva is a global R&D focused agribusiness

Clover is commonly used as a cover crop, forage crop, and soil improvement tool. 

Dairy farmers in the south west of England are exploring whether they can improve soil whilst maintaining forage quality when adopting longer resting periods after defoliation.

Independent research to enhance the performance of grass and forage crops

Combining Agronomic and Technical presentations. The Society’s 2023 Conference will be held at Robinson College, Cambridge, UK on 6-8 December

Soil is the basis of every grassland system and aiming to constantly improve soil health will pay dividends in grassland productivity.

At Teagasc Athenry, researchers have been investigating the use of mixed swards in pasture-based sheep production systems. The results suggest increased diversity may be beneficial for animal performance.

Concerns over the increasing cost and environmental impact of high inorganic nitrogen (N) inputs have led to a reappraisal of the role of legumes, particularly clover, in maintaining soil fertility in improved grasslands.

Ten farmers in the North Yorkshire Moors are working with independent grassland experts and researchers from the University of Leeds to better understand the value of an under-utilised option for leys - cocksfoot.

New study suggests “techno-grazing” approaches can support more cattle in less space without adversely affecting soil structure and function

GrassCheckGB Forage Quality Webinar

Grasscheck Bulletins provide up-to-date information on the state of grass growth in Great Britain

The RWAS Feature County for 2024, Ceredigion will host the Sustainable Grass and Muck event at Aberystwyth University Farm, Trawsgoed on Thursday 30th May 2024.

This guide intends to highlight to farmers and crofters who are considering sowing a grassland herbal lay what species to consider.

Accounting for fertiliser and feed prices, it calculates the cost benefit of applying nitrogen to grassland. Use this tool to work out the cost versus the benefit of applying nitrogen fertiliser to grassland. Accounting for fertiliser and feed prices, it calculates the cost of nitrogen application and then compares with the feed value of grass. This will help with the decision on whether it is more cost effective to apply nitrogen fertiliser to grassland or purchase feed instead.  

Catch crops are grown post-harvest or following silage, these crops hunt nutrients to reduce leaching from the soil while also allowing cover for the soil which prevents erosion.

The SEEGSLIP project sought to evidence the practices of a particular group of farmers, the Pasture-Fed Livestock Association (PFLA) in terms of their social, ecological and economic sustainability. This video explains the project, the pasture-fed concept and some of our research findings.

This guide collates the available knowledge and numbers on forage utilisation and feeding.

Do pigs fit into a regenerative farming system? Can their diet be sustainable? Can they be pastured?

Get the most you can from grazed grass and silages.

Grass is an important crop and grazed grass is the cheapest feed on farm, yet it rarely earns the respect it deserves as a potentially high-quality, natural ruminant feed.

Grass grown for silage has different needs to grass grown solely for grazing.

Dr Emma Davies: IBERS, Aberystwyth University.

From grazing management to pest and disease, our advice and resources will help you to successfully manage clover. (AHDB)  

Six Pasture for Life member farms have come together in an Innovative Farmers Field Lab to undertake a four year study to explore the impacts of bale grazing on soil and forage.

Interested in stockpiling grass for winter? Tall Grass Grazing' webinar with Rib Harvard, farmer and ecologist from Worcestershire.

Pastured poultry can be a great regenerative enterprise. Hear from the farmers making it work!

This document is intended for farmers looking to reduce their reliance on soya in pig systems, or as a jumping off point for those hoping to establish a new pastured pig operation.

Join Innovative Farmers and Tom & Sophie Gregory for a farm walk and discussion on how mob grazing affects soils, pasture growth and yields

Organic Management Techniques to Improve Sustainability of Non-Organic Farming.

Join us (AHDB), alongside Pasture for Life and Innovative Farmers, for an on-farm discussion covering everything you need to know about bale grazing.

Nutrient management can often be forgotten on beef and sheep farms, yet there is considerable scope to reduce costs and improve output through the use of home-produced and bought-in nutrients.

Following the success of ADAS’s Agronomics service for delivering on-farm line trials in combinable crops, a new project with funding from the European Space Agency (ESA) is expanding the service to the grassland sector using satellite data as a proxy for grass yield.

Across the UK, many farmers are working to reduce their dependence on soya.

This farmer-led project investigated the feasibility and practicality of incorporating multi-species swards on Northern Ireland commercial beef and sheep farms. 

Multi-species grassland leys in crop rotations can improve soil quality and nutrient efficiency, particularly with legume inclusion, which enhances nitrogen availability and reduces the need for mineral fertilisers. 

UK grasslands are an essential cog in ecosystem function. They lock in vast amounts of carbon, accounting for one-third of the earth’s carbon storage and two billion tonnes of carbon in UK grassland soils.

In Serra do Alvão, Portugal, the "Rebanhos +" project is using targeted grazing to manage the understorey, preventing fires and restoring degraded areas.

The recognition of the nitrogen (N) fixation, benefits in forage quality and animal performance of grass-white clover pastures has led to a resurgence of interest.

During this webinar, we'll share details of an ongoing trial at Glovers Farm in Norfolk that is focused on herbal leys and improving soil health. Join us to find out how you can optimise the long-term health and resilience of your land.

Join Regenerate Outcomes for a farm walk exploring strategies to improve soil health in grazing systems.

Over the past few decades farms have become increasingly specialised, with arable growers losing

Grazing on pasture closed and set aside for winter grazing can significantly reduce feeding costs

Scientific paper reporting analysis of hay yields from Park Grass long term experiment in Her

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